Binary drivers tend to be build against a specific kernel. When the kernel is updated the driver will break if not rebuild. Ubuntu has a mechanism for dealing with this, but it depends on the linux-headers-generic package being installed:
sudo apt-get install linux-headers-generic
Specific drivers may need a few hints to realize that they should rebuild (normally done at boot-time). This page covers the specifics for the proprietary nvidia driver.
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Tags: driver, kernel, linux-headers-generic, nvidia, proprietary, rebuild, ubuntu, update